International Business JUNE 2026

Description

International Business

Jun 2026 Examination

 

 

Q1. A multinational fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) company is facing criticism for excessive plastic waste generated by its products in Latin America. Although local regulations on packaging are lax, global NGOs and environmentally conscious consumers are demanding action. The company’s leadership wants to balance profitability, regulatory compliance, and corporate citizenship without jeopardizing market share. They must navigate local economic pressures while also contributing to sustainability. Using Carroll’s CSR pyramid and referencing international sustainability agreements (e.g., the Paris Agreement, UN SDGs), how should the company redesign its packaging and communication strategies to address environmental, economic, and societal expectations? Provide a practical plan for implementation. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Introduction

Carroll’s CSR pyramid places economic responsibility at the base, followed by legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. For an FMCG company in Latin America generating excessive plastic waste, this pyramid provides a clear lens for prioritizing action. The company operates in a region where local regulations are permissive, but global stakeholders including NGOs, institutional investors, and conscious consumers are applying pressure that directly affects brand equity and long-term market access. Ignoring this pressure is no longer economically rational. The Paris Agreement and UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 12 on responsible consumption and SDG 13 on climate action, establish the international normative framework within which the company must now

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Q2 (A). A technology giant has established a corporate vision and mission that emphasize global connectivity and universal access. However, as it moves into new territories with distinct regulatory, cultural, and language environments, local teams feel disconnected from headquarters’ strategic intent. Instances of product misalignment and inadequate local adaptation arise, causing market underperformance and dissatisfaction among international employees who feel excluded from corporate purpose. Critically assess the company’s application of its vision and mission in a global context. Weigh the challenges of maintaining a unifying direction while empowering region-specific adaptation. Propose measures to ensure the vision and mission remain both globally cohesive and locally resonant, providing a reasoned justification for your approach. (5 Marks)

Ans 2(A).

Introduction

A corporate vision and mission provide organizational direction. When local teams feel disconnected from that direction, market underperformance follows. For a global technology company entering culturally diverse markets, the gap between headquarters strategy and local execution is a structural governance problem, not a communication failure.

Concept and Application

The core tension in global strategy is between standardization, which preserves brand coherence and scale efficiency, and localization, which enables market relevance and employee ownership. Bartlett and Ghoshal’s transnational model offers the most useful framework here: it argues that multinational companies should

 

Q2 (B). An Indian exporter signs a forward contract to sell a large shipment to a U.S. buyer, agreeing to receive payment in U.S. dollars in six months. Shortly after the contract is signed, global interest rates fluctuate sharply, the rupee begins appreciating against the dollar, and the U.S. buyer faces liquidity issues that may delay payments. The finance team is apprehensive about both counterparty and exchange rate risks, particularly given the current volatility in currency and credit markets. Evaluate the exporter’s decision to use a forward contract as a hedging tool under these circumstances. Critically analyze the risks and benefits in light of prevailing market volatility, and recommend whether alternative or additional financial derivatives should have been considered to better protect the firm’s financial interests. (5 Marks)

Ans 2(B).

Introduction

A forward contract locks in a future exchange rate to eliminate exchange rate uncertainty for an exporter receiving foreign currency. The decision to use one is contextually correct but has specific limitations when counterparty risk, rupee appreciation, and liquidity problems emerge simultaneously after signing.